第十八章
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水镜影像继续：
【说了小吏与百姓使用的“传信”，再来聊聊“符牌”。
如今的常用词「符合」就是从符牌而来。
“符牌”在很长一段时间里是有身份地位的人所用。
它的前身是夏商时期的“牙璋”，以玉雕琢而成的礼器。很明显，这东西不是百姓能用得起的。①
逐渐的，牙璋有了兵符的性能。
到了战国时期，符牌出现，用于调兵遣将的军事信物。
把它制作成“虎”的外形，表达了使用者希望如虎勇猛、战无不胜的心愿，故而又称虎符。
虎符通常是一分为二，半枚由君王持有，半枚由将军持有。
大批调兵时，两者合二为一，以勘验真伪，确定军事行动的命令不是作假。由此诞生「符合」一词。
我们看到的阳陵虎符，是嬴政给阳陵守将的兵符。
它由青铜制作，成卧虎状。因为年代久远，中间的对合处锈死，现在已经无法将其左右分开。
依旧能看到左右两半的虎颈背部的错金文字，各有十二个字：“甲兵之符，右在皇帝，左在阳陵。”②
秦汉时期，符牌多用于军事信物。
随着朝代更迭，符牌的属性变得更宽泛，多了政治权力的识别功能。
唐承隋制，在其基础上做出修定。
一说李唐为了避讳先祖李虎之名，改虎符用兔符，不久改为鱼符。
鱼符的用途大致分成了两类。
铜鱼符袭旧时虎符的性能，依旧作为调兵凭证。
另外出现了随身鱼符，“明贵贱，应征召”，作为一种身份象征。
初唐时期，规定五品以上官员才能佩戴鱼符，且太子、秦王、官员的鱼符材质个不相同。
佩戴鱼符时，朝廷还给配了相应的鱼袋。等到了宋朝，废鱼符而留鱼袋。③
时至明清，符牌变成了牙牌。长得有些像是我们使用的大号名片，当然不似名片用纸制作，而是用兽骨、象牙、木头或金属制成。
它的使用者不再局限于中上层官员，而往下层延伸，小吏也会佩戴了。
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